Medtronic
 
 

Insertable
Cardiac Monitor

Bibliography

Clinical Articles

Antonelli A, Bruno N, Mangiameli D, Quayyum A, Albertinazzi M, Zumbo F, Montenero AS. Initial experience with a loop recorder to identify initiating mechanism of atrial fibrillation and to monitor patient outcome. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S45 Abstract #177.

Benditt DG, Ermis C, Pham S, Hiltner L, Vrudney A, Lurie KG, Sakaguchi S. Implantable diagnostic monitoring devices for evaluation of syncope, and tachy- and brady-arrhythmias. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. October 2003;9(2):137-144.

Berger T, Roithinger FX, Hintringer F. Images in cardiology: Diagnosis of a rare cause of arrhythmogenic syncope by means of an implantable loop recorder. Heart. July 2002;88(1):10.

Boersma LV, Mont L, Sionis A, Garcia E, Brugada J. Value of the implantable loop recorder to establish paroxysmal arrhythmias underlying unexplained syncope. PACE. April 2003;26(4, Part II):1090.

Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Nonarrhythmic syncope documented by an implantable loop recorder (an ISSUE substudy). Am J Card. September 15, 2002;90(6):654.

Chrysostomakis SI, Klapsinos NC, Simantirakis EN, Marketou ME, Kambouraki DC, Vardas PE. Sensing issues related to the clinical use of implantable loop recorders. Europace. April 2003;5(2):143-148.

Donateo P, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with positive adenosine triphosphate tests. J Am Coll Cardiol. January 1, 2003;41(1):93-98.

Ermis C, Zhu AX, Pham S, Li JM, Guerrero M, Lu F, Vrudney A, Hiltner L, Lu F, Sakaguchi S, Lurie KG, Benditt DG. Comparison of automatic and patient-activated arrhythmia recordings by implantable loop recorders in the evaluation of syncope. Am J Cardiol. October 2003;92(7):815-819.

Ernest W, Andre G, Stafford PJ. Arrhythmia detection by patient and auto-activation in implantable loop recorders. PACE. April 2003;26(4, Part II):1090.

Farwell DJ, Freemantle N, Sulke N. The use of implantable loop recorders in the diagnosis and management of syncope. JACC. March 2003;41(6)suppl A:100A.

Farwell DJ, Sulke N. A randomized study of three tilt test protocols with long term follow-up by implantable loop recorder. JACC. March 2003;41(6)suppl A:102A.

Gimbel JR, Wilkoff BL. Artifact mimicking tachycardia during magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with an implantable loop recorder. Heart. March 2003;89(3):E10.

Hadian D, Lowe MR, Scott LR, Groh WJ. Use of an insertable loop recorder in a myotonic dystrophy patient. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. January 2002;13(1):72-73.

Huikuri HV, Mahaux V, Bloch-Thomsen PE. Cardiac arrhythmias and risk stratification after myocardial infarction: results of the CARISMA pilot study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. January 2003;26(1 Pt 2):416-419.

Kassotis J, Yusupova M, Thoben D, Stawiarski M, Reddy CV. Syncope masquerading as a panic disorder: role of the subcutaneous loop recorder in eliciting the appropriate diagnosis. PACE. December 2001;24(12):1829-1830.

Klein G, Krahn A, Yee R, Skanes A. The implantable loop recorder: The herald of a new age of implantable monitors. PACE. 2000;23(10)Part I:1456.

Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Skanes AC, Yee R. Use of the implantable loop recorder in evaluation of patients with unexplained syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. September 2003; 14(9 Suppl):S70-S73.

Krahn A, Klein G, Skanes A, Yee R. Incremental value of auto-detect loop recorders in unexplained syncope. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S45 Abstract #180.

Krahn AD, George Klein J, Skanes AC, Yee R. Detection of clinically significant asymptomatic arrhythmias with autodetect loop recorders in syncope patients. PACE. April 2003;26(4, Part II):1070.

Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Skanes AC. Use of the implantable loop recorder in patients with unexplained syncope. Minerva Cardioangiol. February 2003;51(1):21-27.

Krausova R, Heinc P, Hodac M, Minarik T, Taborsky M, Vlasinova J. Heart rhythm during syncope in patients with negative conventional tests. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S134 Abstract #535.

Marti Almor J, Delclos Urgell J, Bruguera Cortada J. Atypical sinus node dysfunction. Usefulness of implantable Holter. A case report. Rev Esp Cardiol. December 2001;54(12):1459-1462. Spanish.

Mason PK, Wood MA, Reese DB, et al. Usefulness of implantable loop recorders in office-based practice for evaluation of syncope in patients with and without structural heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:1127-1129.

Maurer MS, Bloomfield DM. Atrial fibrillation and falls in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. May 2002;18(2):323-337.

Menozzi C, Brignole M, Garcia-Civera R, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with heart disease and negative electrophysiologic test. Circulation. June 11, 2002;105(23):2741-2745.

Moya A, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Circulation. September 2001;104:1261-1267.

Omar AR, Ng KS, Sutandor A, Ng WL, Lim YT. Reproducibility of tilt table test result in patients with malignant vasovagal syncope. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S61 Abstract #242.

Rosenbeck S, Weiss A, Sharon Z. Insertable loop recorder in patients with palpitation – new application. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S45 Abstract #178.

Seidl K, Rameken M, Breunung S, et al. Diagnostic assessment of recurrent unexplained syncope with a new subcutaneously implantable loop recorder. Europace. July 2000;2:256-262.

Simantirakis E, Chrysostomakis S, Manios E, Vardas P. Insertable loop recorder in unmasking the cause of syncope. PACE. October 2000;23(10)Part I:1573-1575.

Sosin MD, Cadigan PJ, Connolly DL. Should you remove an implantable loop recorder after the diagnosis is made? Heart. September 2003;89(9):1013.

Zellerhoff C, Himmich E, Nebeling D, Przibille O, Nowak B, Liebrich A. How can we identify the best implantation site for an ECG event recorder? PACE. October 2000;23(10)Part I:1545-1549.

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Clinical Abstracts

Ashby DT, Cehic DA, Disney PJ, Mahar LJ, Young GD. A retrospective case study to assess the value of the implantable loop recorder for the investigation of undiagnosed syncope. PACE. August 2002;25(8):1200-1205.

Assar MD, Krahn A, Klein GJ. Risk of recurrent syncope in patients undergoing prolonged monitoring with an implantable loop recorder: who really uses it and when? Circulation. 2002;106(19)suppl II:86.

Brignole M, Moya A, Garcia-Civera R, et al. The mechanism of syncope with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Euro Heart J. 2001;22(suppl):704. Abstract.

Carey BJ, Potter JF. Randomized assessment of syncope trial. Circulation. January 15, 2002;105(2):E8-8.

Hugl B, Ziegenbalg K, Doll N, et al. Rhythmical causes of syncope can be identified with an automatically triggered implantable event recorder. Initial clinical experiences with the new Reveal Plus. Europace Suppl. 2000;1:D162.

Klein G, Krahn A, Yee R, Skanes A. Diagnostic evaluation of syncope. Optimal use of testing. Europace Suppl. 2000;1:D66.

Krahn A, Klein G, Spindler B, Yee R, Skanes A. Randomized assessment of syncope trial: comparison of the implantable loop recorder with conventional diagnostic testing for unexplained syncope. PACE. 2000;23(Part II):601.

Krahn A, Klein G, Yee R, Skanes A. Randomized assessment of syncope trial (RAST). Conventional investigations vs. implanted loop recorder. Circulation. 2000;102(18)suppl II:II-370.

Lamp B, Auricchio A, Butter C, Van Erven L, Osswald S, Wentkowski RH. Initial experience with a new heart rate variability (HRV) monitor in implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. PACE. April 2002;25(4 Part II):648.

Mattei M, Rosenthal L, Mittleman R. Retrospective review of the insertable loop recorder for difficult to diagnose syncope. PACE. 2000;23(Part II):664.

Mieszczanska H, Ibrahim B, Cohen TJ. Initial clinical experience with implantable loop recorders. EP Lab Digest. March-April 2002;2(2):28,30-31.

Moya A, Brignole M, Menozzi G, Garcia-Civera R. Diagnostic yield of insertable loop recorder in patients with recurrent isolated syncope. International study of syncope of uncertain etiology (ISSUE). Euro Heart J. 1999;20:442.

Reveal Plus Clinical Study. JACC. 2001;37(4)suppl A:140A.

Robert P, Allen S, Betts T, Butler A, Morgan J. High diagnostic yield associated with the use of an implantable loop recorder in the investigation of syncope and palpitations. Circulation. 2000;102(18)suppl II:II-827.

Robert P, Wood D, Allen S, et al. Arrhythmogenic effects at extreme altitude. Circulation. 2000;102(18)suppl II:II-523.

Roberts P, Treacher K, Allen S, Betts T, Morgan J. Assessment of efficacy of diagnostic electrophysiological study in the evaluation of syncopal patients using an implantable loop recorder. Euro Heart J. 2001;22(suppl):703. Abstract.

Roberts P, Treacher K, Allen S, Betts T, Morgan J. Negative predictive value of diagnostic electrophysiological study in the evaluation of patients with syncope and/or palpitations using an implantable loop recorder. PACE. April 2001;24(Part II):626.

Schwartzman D, Brown M, Fitts S. Electrocardiographic events preceding the onset of atrial fibrillation. Insights gained using an implantable loop recorder. JACC. 2000;35(2):130A.

Sivakumaran S, Krahn AD, Klein GJ. Should holter monitors for syncope and presyncope assessment be abandoned? A randomized trial of loop recorders versus holter monitors. Circulation. 2001;104(17)suppl II:346.

Vater M, Rameken M, Pitschner HF, et al. The endless-loop-recorder in clinical practice–Results of the multicentre German Reveal (R) registry. Herzschr Electrophys. 2002;13(2):101-109.

Zaidi A, Fitzpatrick A. Single center experience of 64 insertable loop recorders for investigation of unexplained syncope. PACE. 1999;22(Part II):756.

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Reveal in Children

Bloemers BL, Sreeram N. Implantable loop recorders in pediatric practice. J Electrocardiol. 2002;35(suppl):131-135.

Hoorntje T, Langerak W, Sreeram N. Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy identified with an implantable electrocardiographic recorder. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(19):1478-1479.

Rossano J, Bloemers B, Sreeram N, Balaji S, Shah MJ. Efficacy of implantable loop recorders in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope and palpitations. Pediatrics. September 2003;112(3 Pt 1):e228-233.

Sanatani S, Peirone A, Chiu C, Human D, Gross G, Hamilton R. Use of an implantable loop recorder in the evaluation of children with congenital heart disease. Am Heart J. February 2002;143(2):366-372.

Satsou D, Kouakam C, Vaksmann G, Klug D, Kacet S, Rey C. Value of an implantable EKG monitor for the diagnosis of arrhythmic syncope in children. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. May 2001;94(5):527-530. French.

Shah M, Sreeram N, Cecchin F, Rossano J, Balaji S. Efficacy of implantable loop recorders in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in children and young adults. PACE. April 2002;25(4 Part II):567.

Sreeram N, Hitchcock F, Beenick G. Abdominal implantation of loop recorders in infants and children.  Ann Thorac Surg. February 2005;79(2):726-727.

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Cost Abstracts/Articles

Calkins H, Krahn A, Olshansky B, Shen W, Bingham P, Bell G. Use of an implantable loop recorder in patients with recurrent syncope of unknown origin is a cost effective diagnostic strategy. JACC. 2000;129A.

Calkins H, Byrne M, El-Atassi R, et al. The economic burden of unrecognized vasodepressor syncope. Am J Med. 1993;95:473-479.

Doerr T, Trenn G. Erste ergebnisse der Bottroper Synkopie Studie (BOTTROS). Z Kardiol. 2001;90(suppl 5):V99.

Doerr T, Trenn G. First results from the Bottrop trial on syncope. Circulation. 2001;104(17)suppl II:II-490.

Krahn A, Klein G, Yee R, Skanes A. The cost implications of testing strategy in patients referred for investigation on unexplained syncope in the randomized assessment of syncope trial (RAST). Circulation. 2001;104(17)suppl II:II-346.

Kurer CC. Implantable loop recorders dollars and sense. J Am Coll Cardiol. August 6, 2003;42(3):502-504.

Nyman J, Krahn A, Bland P, Griffiths S, Manda V. The costs of recurrent syncope of unknown origin in elderly patients. PACE. 1999;22:1386-1394.

Menozzi C, Tomasi C, Lolli G, Bottoni N. Cost of various diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of patients with syncope. Cardiostimolazione. 1999;14(3):217.

Zaidi A, Fitzpatrick A. Investigation of syncope: increasing the yield and reducing the cost. Euro Heart J. 2000;21:877-880.

Zaidi A, Fitchet A, Fitzpatrick A. The insertable loop recorder is more cost effective than Holter monitoring for investigating blackouts. Euro Heart J. 2000;21:8.

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Insertable Loop Recorder Abstracts/Articles

Armstrong VL, Lawson J, Kamper AM, Newton J, Kenny RA. The use of an implantable loop recorder in the investigation of unexplained syncope in older people. Age Age. March 2003;32(2):185-188.

Boersma L, Mont L, Sionis A, Garcia E, Brugada J. Value of the implantable loop recorder for the management of patients with unexplained syncope. Europace; Jan 2004;6(1)70-76.

Chrysostomakis SI, Klapsinos NC, Simantirakis EN, Marketou ME, Kambouraki DC, Vardas PE. Sensing issues related to the clinical use of implantable loop recorders. Europace. April 2003;5(2):143-148.

Ng E, Stafford PJ, Ng AG. Arrhythmia detection by patient and auto-activation in implantable loop recorders. J Intervent Cardiac Electrophysiol. April 2004;10(2):147-152.

Farwell D J, Freemantle N, Sulke A N. Use of implantable loop recorders in the diagnosis and management of syncope. Euro Heart J. July 2004;25(14):1257-1263.

Gimbel J R, Zarghami J, Machado C. Safe scanning, but frequent artifacts mimicking tachycardia during magnetic resonance imaging in patients with insertable loop recorders. J Am Coll Cardiol, March 3, 2004;43(5 Supplement A):142A.

Hasdemir C, Priori SG, Overholt E, Lazzara R. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, recurrent syncope, and implantable loop recorder. J Cardio Electrophysiol, June 2004;15(6):729.

Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Skanes AC. Detection of asymptomatic arrhythmias in unexplained syncope. Am Heart J. August 2004,148(2):326-332.

Paisey JR, Yue A, Roberts PR, Treacher K, Morgan JM. Loop recorders detect tachyarrhythmias after negative EP studies. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S45 Abstract #179.

Reiff PA, Gutierrez JD. Use of the insertable loop recorder to detect cardiac arrhythmias during syncopal episodes. Med Surg Nurs, April 2004;13(2):105-9.

Solano A, Menozzi C, Maggi R, Donateo P, Bottoni N, Lolli G, Tomasi C, Croci F, Oddone D, Puggioni E, Brignole M. Diagnostic yield and safety of the implantable loop recorder to detect the mechanism of syncope in patients with and without structural heart disease. Euro Heart J, July 2004;25(13):1116-1119.

Zellerhoff C, Himmrich E, Nevelling D, Przibilla O, Leibrich A. How can we determine the best implantation site for an ECG event recorder? Europace Suppl. 2000;1:D161.

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Guidelines

Block M, Borggrefe M, Goedel-Meinin S, et al. Richtlinien zur Durchfuhrung der nichtinvasiven diagnostik von rhythmusstorungen. Z Kardiol. 1999;88:51-60.

Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt D, et al, and the Task Force on Syncope, European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment of syncope). Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1256-1306.

Crawford M, Bernstein S, Deedwania P, et al. ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography: Executive summary and recommendations. Circulation. 1999;100:886-893.

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Clinical Approach to Syncope Diagnosis

Benditt D, Lurie K, Fabian W. Clinical approach to diagnosis of syncope. Clin Cardiol. 1997;15(2):165-176.

Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, Garcia-Civera R. Implantable loop recorder: towards a gold standard for the diagnosis of syncope? Heart. June 2001;85:610-612.

Calkins H. In: Zipes D, Jalife J. Cardiac Electrophysiology, From Cell to Bedside. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders. 2000:873-881.

Chugh A, Aboufakher R, Riba A, Knight B. Recurrent syncope in a patient with an implantable loop recorder: what is the diagnosis?J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. November 2002;13(11):1176-1177.

Evans E, Krahn A, Klein G, et al. Is there any value in holter monitoring in patients with syncope? Can J Cardiol. 1998;14(suppl F):140.

Griesbach L, Hartel J, Knote B, Huber TH, Germer A. Increase of efficacy in diagnostic of neurocardiogenic syncopes associated with head up tilt table testing. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S61 Abstract #241.

Groh WJ, Lowe MR, Zipes DP. The insertable loop recorder in a useful diagnostic tool in the asymptomatic high arrhythmic-risk myotonic dystrophy patient. PACE. April 2002;254(Part II):599.

Futterman LG, Lemberg L. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring: use of the implantable loop recorder in the evaluation of syncope. J Cardiovasc Nurs. April 2002;16(3):24-33.

Guzman JC, Lindarte MA, Vesga BE, Silva F, Morillo CA. Is depression a characteristic or a cause of neurocardiogenic syncope? PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S82 Abstract #327.

Hammill S. Value and limitations of noninvasive assessment of syncope. Clin Cardiol. 1997;15(2):195-218.

Jovic A, Borcilo M, Rados G, Sikic A. The first recurrence of syncope within one month after a positive head-up tilt table test predicts syncopal frequency in long-term follow-up. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S83 Abstract #329.

Junbao D, Wanzhen L, Jianjun C. Diagnosis of unexplained syncope in children. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II).

Kannankeril PJ, Bibeau DA, Fish FA. Feasibility of the inframammary location for insertable loop recorders in young women and girls. PACE, April 2004;27(4):492-494.

Kaufmann HH, Wieling W, eds.  Management of reflex syncope: A clinically guided approach.  Clinical Autonomic Research.  October 2004;14(1):1-90.

Kapoor W. An overview of the evaluation and management of syncope. In: Grubb B, Olshansky B, eds. Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing. 1998:1-13.

Kapoor W. Syncope. N Engl J Med. December 21, 2000:1856-1862.

Khositseth A, Martinez MW, Driscoll D, Ackerman M. Syncope and congenital long QT syndrome: A population-based study. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S8 Abstract #31.

Krahn A, Klein G, Skanes A, Yee R. The optimal duration of monitoring in patients with unexplained syncope. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S30 Abstract #120.

Krahn A, Klein G, Yee R, Skanes A. Syncope: Experience with the implantable loop recorder. ACC Current J Rev. January/February 1999:80-84.

Krahn A, Klein G, Yee R. Perfecting your clinical approach to syncope. Perspect Card. November/December 1997:27-42.

Krahn A. Syncope: A wake-up call. Can J Diagn. November 2000:84-96.

Leftheriotis D, Livanis E, Flevari P, Theodorakis GN, Zarvalis E, Aggelopoulou N, Kremastinos TH. Situational syncope: prevalence, head-up tilt testing and follow-up. PACE. February 2003;26( Part II):S82 Abstract #325.

Linzer M, Yang B, Estes M, et al. Position paper, clinical guidelines: diagnosing syncope: part 2: unexplained syncope. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:76-86.

Luria D, Shen W. Syncope in the elderly: New trends in diagnostic approach and nonpharmacologic management. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. March-April 2001;10(2):91-96.

Montenero AS, Quayyum A, Franciosa P, Mangiameli D, Antonelli A, Barbieri L, Bruno N, Zumbo F, Vimercati M. Implantable loop recorders: a novel method to judge patient perception of atrial fibrillation. Preliminary results from a pilot study. J Intervent Cardiac Electrophysio, June 2004;10(3):211-220.

Olshansky B. Syncope, overview and approach to management. In: Grubb B, Olshansky B, eds. Syncope: mechanisms and management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing. 1998:15-71.

Oraii S, Eftekharzadeh M, Mirmasoumi M, Sharif AG, Sadeghi SH, Shahrokh EL. Nitroglycerin tilt table testing (TTT) in patients with syncope and LV dysfunction. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S62 Abstract #245.

Qingyou Z, Junbao D, Jianjun C, et al. Clinical characteristics and head-up tilt test of unexplained syncope in children. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II).

Renner S, Krahn A, Klein G, et al. Holter monitoring verses loop recorders in the evaluation of syncope and presyncope: diagnostic yield. PACE. 1999;22(Part II):766.

Roberts P, Treacher K, Allen S, Betts T, Morgan J. Implantable loop recorder in the investigation of syncope/palpitations. Europace. July 2001;2(suppl B):B28.

Szufladowicz E, Kozluk E, Dobrogowska-Kunicka J, Maniewski R, Walczak F. Brain oxygenation and electroencephalography monitoring during neurocardiogenic syncope. PACE. February 2003;26(Part II):S82 Abstract #328.

Zimetbaum P. Arrhythmia monitoring technologies: limitations and strengths. G Ital Cardiol. 2000;29(suppl 5):219-222.

Syncope Quality of Life Articles/Abstracts

Kouakam C, Lacroix D, Klug D, Baux P, Marquie C, Kacet S. Prevalence and prognostic significance of psychiatric disorders in patients evaluated for recurrent unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:530-535.

Linzer M, Gold D, Pontinen M, Divine G, Felder A, Brooks W. Recurrent syncope as a chronic disease: Preliminary validation of a disease-specific measure of functional impairment. J Gen Intern Med. 1994;9:181-186.

Linzer M, Pontinen M, Gold D, Divine G, Felder A, Brooks W. Impairment of physical and psychosocial function in recurrent syncope. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(10):1037-1043.

Rose S, Koshman M, Spreng S, Sheldon R. The relationship between health related quality of life and frequency of spells in patients with syncope. PACE. 1998;21(4)Part II:806.

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Seizure Publications

Benbadis S. Observations on the misdiagnosis of generalized epilepsy as partial epilepsy: causes and consequences. Seizure. May 1999;8(3):140-145.

Cooper P, Zaidi A, Fitchet A, Clough P, Fitzpatrick A. The cardiac causes of seizures. G Ital Cardiol. 1999;29(suppl 5):224-225.

Simpson C, Barlow M, Krahn A, Klein G, Yee R, Skanes A. Recurrent seizure diagnosed by the insertable loop recorder. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. October 2000;4(3):475-479.

Zaidi A, Clough P, Cooper P, Scheepers B, Fitzpatrick A. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: Many seizure-like episodes have a cardiovascular cause. JACC. July 2000;36(1):181-184.

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Supplemental Articles on the Differential Diagnosis of Seizures and Syncope

Ficker D, Casino G, Clements I. Cardiac asystole masquerading as temporal lobe epilepsy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:784-786.

Leidholm L, Gudjonsson O. Cardiac arrest due to partial epileptic seizures. Neurology. 1992;42:824-829.

Linzer M, Grubb B, Ho S, Ramakrishnan L, Bromfield E, Estes M. Cardiovascular causes of loss of consciousness in patients with presumed epilepsy: A cause of the increased sudden death rate in people with epilepsy. Am J Med. 1994;96:146-154.

Reeves A, Nollet K, Klass D, Sharbrough F, So E. The ictal bradycardia syndrome. Epilepsia. 1996;37(10):983-987.

Sander J. Epilepsy: getting the diagnosis right. Brit Med J. 1997;314:158-159.

Scheepers B, Clough P, Pickles C. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy: findings of a population study. Seizures. 1998;7:403-406.

Smith D, Defalla B, Chadwick D. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic. Q J Med. 1999;92:15-23.

Smith-Demps C, Jagoda A. A case of seizure-related bradycardia and asystole. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:582-584.

Squirrell M, Simister R, Rugg-Gunn F, Holdright D, Duncan J. Cardiac arrhythmias in epilepsy revealed. PACE. April 2003;26(4, Part II):1125.

Zaidi A, Clough P, Scheepers B, Fitzpatrick A. Clinical review, Lesson of the week: Treatment resistant epilepsy or convulsive syncope? Brit Med J. 1998;317:869-870.

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Additional Information