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Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
When it comes to managing peripheral arterial disease, the main goal is improved blood flow through your arteries. Lifestyle changes and medications can be a big help. But when these aren't enough to relieve your pain and symptoms, stenting and/or surgical procedures may be the key to finding relief.
Your doctor will recommend a treatment plan for you based on your symptoms, test results, medical history and future potential risks.
With lifestyle changes and/or medications, you may be able to avoid surgery or other procedures that involve additional health risks and high costs. These methods alone may not work to clear your arteries and control your peripheral arterial disease (PAD), but there are some important things your doctor may recommend.
Drug-Coated Balloon (DCB) angioplasty is similar to plain old balloon angioplasty procedurally, but there is the addition of an anti-proliferative medication coating the balloon, as well as an excipient to aid in drug transfer, which may help prevent restenosis. Restenosis is the re-narrowing of the vessel at a site that was previously treated. Using a drug-coated balloon has the potential in prohibiting cell division, limiting the amount of restenosis, or blockage re-growth after treatment.
Angioplasty with a drug-coated balloon is done in a catheterization lab (“cath lab”). The doctor injects a special dye through a long, thin tube called a catheter into your bloodstream. The dye allows the doctor to view your arteries on an x-ray monitor. A device with a small balloon on its tip is then inserted through an artery in your leg and is threaded through the arteries until it reaches the narrowed area. The balloon is inflated which flattens the plaque against the wall of the artery, opening the artery and restoring blood flow. Then the balloon is deflated and removed from the body. Once that is complete, a new balloon, which is coated with an anti-proliferative medication, is inserted through the same artery in your leg and is threaded through the arteries until it reaches the previously treated narrowed area. The balloon is then inflated, and the medication on the balloon surface is delivered to the artery wall and surrounding tissue. After a designated period of time, your doctor will deflate the balloon and remove it from your body. They will then evaluate if any further treatment is necessary to maintain healthy blood flow through the area treated.
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Balloon angioplasty is done in the catheterization laboratory ("cath lab"). The doctor injects a special dye through a small, thin tube called a catheter into your bloodstream. The dye allows the doctor to view your arteries on an X-ray monitor. A device with a small balloon on its tip is then inserted through an artery in your leg or arm and threaded through the arteries until it reaches the narrowed area. The balloon is inflated to flatten the plaque against the wall of the artery, opening the artery and restoring blood flow. Then the balloon is deflated and removed from your body.
In balloon angioplasty, a special balloon is
temporarily inserted into an artery narrowed by
plaque buildup and inflated slightly to flatten the
plaque against the artery wall, opening the
artery and restoring blood flow.
Your doctor may recommend placing a stent to reopen your blocked artery. A stent is a small, expandable, mesh-like tube that supports the artery and helps to keep it open.
Implanting a stent does not require open surgery. The doctor inserts a catheter into an artery in your arm or leg, similar to the balloon angioplasty procedure. A specially designed catheter delivers the stent to the narrow area in the artery. The stent is expanded, flattening the plaque against the artery wall and holding the artery open with a mesh tube. The catheter used to deliver the stent is then removed, but the stent stays in your artery permanently to maintain healthy blood flow.
A stent is a tiny, expandable, mesh-like tube
that helps support the artery, increasing blood flow.
There are several types of open surgery that may also be used to treat PAD. Two of the most common surgeries are endarterectomy and bypass.
An endarterectomy is a procedure that removes plaque directly from the inside of the artery wall. This is the preferred treatment when PAD is severe.
During this procedure, a doctor makes a small incision (cut) along the blocked or narrowed artery and physically removes the plaque. In some cases, the blocked portion of the blood vessel is also removed. After the plaque has been removed, the artery is closed with stitches or by a patch made from your own vein or synthetic material. Blood flow is then restored through the artery and the outer incision is closed. Patients usually stay in the hospital for one to two days to continue their recovery at home.
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Your doctor may choose to do a bypass in more serious cases of PAD where blockages are very long or very hard (calcified). This procedure uses a graft – either a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body, or a synthetic tube – to reroute the blood flow around a blocked artery and create a new, permanent pathway for blood to flow.
The procedure is done in a hospital under general anesthesia. The doctor makes a small opening near the blockage in the diseased artery. The graft is then attached (grafted) above and below the blockage, creating a new passageway for blood to flow (bypass) around the blocked artery. During the procedure, the doctor may do an angiography or ultrasound to check the bypass for any problems and to make sure it is working properly. Patients typically stay in the hospital for several nights and continue their recovery at home for two to three months.
Bypass procedure
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