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Medtronic / Clinical Solutions / Postoperative Delirium / Reducing the Risk

Reducing the Risk

Bispectral index™ guided anesthesia has been demonstrated in multiple randomized-controlled trials to reduce the risk for postoperative delirium. ([FOOTNOTE=Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013;25(1):33-42.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=]),([FOOTNOTE=Mei B, Zha H, Lu X, et al. Peripheral Nerve Block as a Supplement to Light or Deep General Anesthesia in Elderly Patients Receiving Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Study. Clin J Pain. 2017.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=]),([FOOTNOTE=Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, et al. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1):18-26.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=])

Siddiqui 2016

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Siddiqui 2016

Cochrane systematic review of delirium prevention strategies for non-ICU patients.

Siddiqui et al.([FOOTNOTE=Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:Cd005563.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=]) performed a systematic review of the literature to identify studies that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalized non-ICU patients.  The authors identified 39 trials including 16,082 participants that evaluated 22 different interventions.  Five interventions were identified as being effective strategies for the prevention of delirium.  However, three of the five were determined to be very low quality evidence.  Only two interventions were identified to be effective and have moderate quality of evidence, Bispectral Index™- guided anesthesia and multi-component interventions to prevent delirium.

Relative effect on incidence of delirium and quality of evidence as defined by a systematic review of studies evaluating the effectiveness of delirium prevention interventions in non-ICU patients.4
Delirium Prophylaxis Intervention Control Relative Effect on Incidence of Delirium (RR) Quality of Evidence (GRADE)
Multi- component delirium prevention intervention Usual ICU Care 0.69 Moderate
Bispectral index™ (BIS™)-guided anesthesia  Standard anesthesia care 0.71 Moderate
Prophylactic cholinesterase inhibitor  Placebo 0.68 Very Low
Prophylactic antipsychotic medications Placebo 0.73 Very Low
Prophylactic melatonin  Placebo 0.41 Very Low

Chan 20131

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Chan 20131

Chan et al. randomized 921 elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery to receive either anesthesia adjusted to achieve a BIS™ index values from 40 to 60 or standard practice.  The standard practice group also received BIS™ brain monitoring that was blinded to the anesthesiologist.  Postoperatively patients were screened for delirium.  Patients in the BIS™-guided anesthesia group had significantly lower rates of delirium and higher median BIS™ index values.

Chan 2013<sup>1</sup>

Mei 20172

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Mei 20172

Elderly total hip arthroplasty patients (N=198) were randomly allocated to receive either general anesthesia without lumbosacral plexus block (routine), BIS™-guided anesthesia (BIS™ index value 40-60) with a lumbosacral plexus block (BIS™ –guided deep), or BIS™-guided sedation (BIS™ index value 60-80) with a lumbrosacral plexus block (BIS™-guided light).   Patients were screened for delirium postoperatively.  The BIS™ light sedation group had decreased rates of postoperative delirium, propofol consumption, and time to discharge.  

Mei 2017<sup>2</sup>

Radtke 2013

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Radtke 2013

Patients (n=1155) aged 60 years or more undergoing elective surgical procedures lasting more than 60 minutes were randomized to receive BIS™-guided anesthesia or standard practice anesthesia.([FOOTNOTE=Radtke FM, Franck M, Lendner J, Kruger S, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110 Suppl 1:i98-105.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=])  The standard practice group received BIS™ brain monitoring that was blinded to the anesthesiologist.   Delirium was assessed from day 1 to day 7 postoperatively.  The standard practice group had a 28% increase in the rate of delirium.  A multivariate analysis confirmed that the % of BIS™ index value < 20 was predictive of delirium (P=0.006)

Radtke 2013

Sieber 2010

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Sieber 2010

Elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair (n=114) under propofol sedation with spinal anesthesia were randomized to receive either deep (BIS™ index value ≈50) or light (BIS™ index value ≥80) sedation.3 Postoperative delirium was assessed after the second day postoperatively. The light sedation group had a 50% reduction in delirium compared to the deep sedation group.

Sieber 2010

Soehle 2015

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Soehle 2015

Soehle et al.([FOOTNOTE=Soehle M, Dittmann A, Ellerkmann RK, Baumgarten G, Putensen C, Guenther U. Intraoperative burst suppression is associated with postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a prospective, observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:61.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=]) prospectively recorded pre-, intra, and postoperative EEG variables (BIS™ brain monitoring, EEG asymmetry, and burst suppression) via a bilateral BIS™ monitor in 81 cardiac surgery patients.  Postoperatively, patients were screened for delirium via the CAM-ICU.  Patients who were identified with delirium had a significantly longer duration of burst suppression.

Soehle 2015

Santarpino 2011

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Santarpino 2011

Santarpino et al.([FOOTNOTE=Santarpino G, Fasol R, Sirch J, Ackermann B, Pfeiffer S, Fischlein T. Impact of bispectral index monitoring on postoperative delirium in patients undergoing aortic surgery. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2011;3(1):47-58.],[ANCHOR=],[LINK=]) retrospectively reviewed the anesthesia records of 292 consecutive patients undergoing aortic surgery.  Patients were grouped according the magnitude of intraoperative drop in BIS™ index values from baseline(baseline value-minimum value/ baseline value x 100): Group I (≤15%), Group II (15-20%), Group III (20-25%), Group IV (25-30%), and Group V (>30%). Delirium rates were compared amongst groups.  Groups IV and V had significantly higher delirium rates than groups I, II, and III.

Santarpino 2011

Guo 2016

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Guo 2016

Guo et al. prospectively assessed 385 severely burned patients undergoing escharotomy for postoperative delirium via the Confusion Assessment Method for 5 days postoperatively.  Delirium was diagnosed in 14.55% of patients.  The investigators used a stepwise binary logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for postoperative delirium.  The odds of postoperative delirium in patients receiving BIS™-guided anesthesia were 95% less than patients without BIS™ brain monitoring. 

Risk factors postoperative delirium in burn patients undergoing escharotomy for severe burns
Risk factor Odds Ratio P Value
ASA (>II) 302.48 .000
Operation time (> 180 min) 81.86 .000
Hypotension (MAP < 55 mmHg) 27.07 .000
Number of previous escharotomies (> 2) 24.69 .001
Drinking (>3/we) 19.34 .000
Preoperative time (>2  days) 14.66 .000
Age (> 50 yr) 7.68 .003
Anesthesia (TCI) 0.18 .033
BIS™ brain monitor applied 0.05 .000
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